Hitherto, insulin-related technology platforms have enabled GLP-1-based treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, whereas the application is adjacent chronic diseases are being explored in late-stage clinical trials, for example in cardiovascular disease (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03574597), chronic kidney disease (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03819153) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04822181). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.