CCL5 and viral infectious disease: CCL5) that are known to respond to dsRNA (Goodman et al., 2011; Sokol and Luster, 2015), proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 that were shown to be suppressed by sEVs from TVV positive T. vaginalis (Govender et al., 2020), and IL-1β, a proinflammatory factor during viral infection (Poeck et al., 2010).