CSF1 and lupus nephritis: Elevated levels of CSF1 in serum, urine, and kidneys are correlated with the activity of lupus nephritis (Menke et al., 2009), and CSF1R inhibition could deplete macrophages and ameliorate kidney injury by decreasing proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen and improving renal histopathology (Chalmers et al., 2017).