CD163 and acute kidney injury: CD163+ (a marker of M2 type) M2 macrophages play a central role in hemoglobin clearance and limit oxidative heme toxicity, which are significant prognostic factors for an incomplete recovery of renal function in IgAN patients with macro-hematuria-associated acute kidney injury, warfarin coagulopathy, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Martin Cleary et al., 2010; Ballarin et al., 2011; Gutierrez et al., 2012).