Furthermore, compared with the control group, vB_CbrM_HP1 administration resulted in a decrease in cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β) levels which was the same phenomenon as seen in the phage PIZ SAE-01E2 and the phage AVP in the treatment of infection with S. abortus equi and A. viridans, respectively (33, 68). Here, TNF is linked to infection.