Secondly, the results revealed that Ox-LDL stimulation dramatically upregulated apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and caspase 3) and downregulated mitochondrial fusion-related proteins (MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1), while Ox-LDL-mediated changes in the expression of these proteins could also be prominently reversed by AF in HUVECs, especially 100 μM AF (Figure 2(b)). This evidence concerns the gene OPA1 and atrial fibrillation.