CSF2 and cancer: GM-CSF is mostly secreted by activated monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, and a variety of cancer cells (Shi et al., 2006), regulating proliferation and maturation of immune cells including dendritic cells, granulocytes and macrophages (McLeish et al., 1998; Pei et al., 1999; Ju et al., 2016).