PTK2 and neoplasm: For example, the autocrine signals activate pathways in pancreatic cancer cells such as CXCR4 axis (Lee et al., 2010; Park et al., 2011), AKT/beta-catenin (Cho et al., 2011; Cho et al., 2012), FAK (Lee et al., 2011) to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapies, and the paracrine signals are delivered to other cells such as endothelial cells to induce tumor angiogenesis (Kim et al., 2013), and to immune cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to induce tumor evasion and tumor suppression (Song et al., 2016).