STAT3 and cancer: Furthermore, the anti-cancer effects of capsaicin have been demonstrated by the inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways (Dai et al., 2018), and through IL-6/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription- 3 (STAT-3)/Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and survivin pathways (Cho et al., 2017) (Figure 3).