TNF and colitis: For example, SCFA enemas did not prevent or reduce intestinal damage in 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic‐acid (TNBS)‐induced colitis in rats95 but reduced colonic mucosal damage and serum inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF, and IL‐1β) in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐treated mice.96