These two strains, and their derivatives, exhibit genetic and environmental features that are relevant to human T1D, such as the essential role of specific MHC alleles and the emergence of β-cell-specific autoimmune antibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and islet cell antigen 512 (IA-2), as well as autoreactive helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells that recognize β-cell antigens similar to the human condition (90). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.