TNF and atherosclerosis: In atherosclerosis, IL-10 prevents remodeling by inhibiting macrophage activation and their proinflammatory cytokine production including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), foam cell formation, MMP expression, VSMC proliferation and therefore helps to reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation (Figure 1; Table 3) (101, 150).