HBV-HCC pathways typically include aberrant expression in the retinoblastoma-tumor protein 53 (RB1-TP53) suppressor networks, the Wingless-related integration site/beta-catenin (WNT/β-Catenin) pathway, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (PI3K/MAPK) and Janus kinase/signal transducer (JAK/STAT) pathways and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling (37). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.