CTNNB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC pathogenesis, aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is often induced by CTNNB1 mutations leading to the accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus and cytoplasm to promote vascular invasion, cell proliferation, and poorly differentiated tumors (40, 137), as well as cross-talk with hypoxia signaling pathways (138).