NFKB1 and colorectal carcinoma: Butyrate could inhibit the motility of colorectal cancer cells by deactivating Akt/ERK signaling (Li et al., 2017); acetate was shown to promote the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduce the generation of pro-inflammatory factors and NF-κB pathway activation in CRC cells (Tedelind et al., 2007); and propionate suppressed CRC growth by promoting the proteasomal degradation of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2) through HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (HECTD2) upregulation (Ryu et al., 2022).