CASP3 and ovarian cancer: Similarly, previous studies have reported that ZnNPs significantly induced the apoptosis by upregulation caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax, LC3-II, Atg 5, p53, and Beclin 1 genes, increasing reactive oxygen species production, reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential in various cells such as human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line, gingival squamous cell carcinoma, mouse Leydig cell line, and human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) [[39], [40], [41], [42]].