Furthermore, in this research, after the content of PD-L1 was promoted by IFN-α, the capacity of mDCs to stimulate T cells to excrete cytokines of IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ was reversed in patients with AF, suggesting that the secretion capacity of inflammatory cells is intimately correlative to the proliferation of T cells under the regulation of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and atrial fibrillation.