MTOR and glioma: PI3K/AKT is the most common tumor pathway in gliomas and is strongly linked to tumor growth and differentiation; The subunit p85 of PI3K phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PIP2) which activates catalytic subunit p110, resulting in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3); when PIP3 phosphorylates Thr308 and the Ser473 residues of the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK) 1 and Akt, the downstream molecule mTOR is phosphorylated, which causes protein synthesis to be initiated [37].