CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Both CD274 (gene encoding PD-L1) gains and losses have been discussed in clinical studies as positive and negative predictive biomarkers for ICI in various tumor types.14-19 Inoue et al20 showed that CD274 amplified tumors (defined as ploidy times 2 as detected by Fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) when compared with tumors with PD-L1 polysomy and PD-L1 disomy had better survival outcomes to nivolumab after progression on prior therapy, with the 1-year OS rate being 100% (N = 5), 46% (N = 27) and 57.6% (N = 162), respectively, in a cohort of 194 patients with NSCLC.