Low mitochondrial gene expression of PGC-1a, NRF-1, NRF-2, TFam, mfn2, and SOD1/2 has been reported in patients with CKD (non-dialysis) compared to healthy controls [46], which could transpire in KTRs and explain the inability to achieve the intensity required within the intervention timeframe. Here, PPARGC1A is linked to chronic kidney disease.