VEGFA and heart failure: To date, the most extensive efforts have been made in protein replacement therapeutics for cardiac diseases, focusing on heart failure and myocardial infarction.416 VEGFA mRNA treatment (AZD8601) protected mice from heart failure and significantly reduced apoptosis of myocardial cells with increased capillary density,425 and corresponding efficacy evaluation is ongoing in clinical trials (NCT03370887).426 However, testing an mRNA-based therapeutic also encouraged its application in protein replacement therapies for various lung diseases, especially genetic lung diseases.417