Moreover, immunohistochemical detection of GFAP-positive cells (Fig. 1e, f, arrows) and the quantification of both GFAP IntDen and GFAP+ cells (Supplementary Fig. 1i, j, online resource) showed that astrocytes in caudate and putamen of LRRK2 G2019S PD patients were abundant and adopted the typical morphology of hyperactive cells, with enlarged and densely stained cytoplasm (Fig. 1e–f, insets). The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is Parkinson disease.