PRKAA2 and hydrops fetalis: Alterations in signal transduction pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad, and Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT, have been shown to contribute to the occurrence and progression of pathological hypertrophy and HF (Frey et al., 2004; Rohini et al., 2010).