TNF and neoplasm: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; encoded by TNF) plays a crucial role in the pathological process of PC by regulating angiogenesis, metastasis, proliferation, pro-tumorigenic inflammation, chemoresistance, and immune evasion of PC cells, and increased expression levels are associated with enhanced cancer risk, tumor stage, lymph node metastases, cancer-associated symptoms, and poor prognosis of patients with PC [122–126].