CD38 and common variable immunodeficiency: Clusters 3 and 16, which were upregulated in CVID, displayed strong expression of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR, the proliferation-associated nuclear protein Ki67, and produced IL-10 and IL-17A, to a lesser extent also the effector cytokine IFN-γ, but little or none TNF-α as well as no perforin and granulysin.