CD38 and celiac disease: It’s notable that Han et al. also found an expansion of activated CD38+ effector memory CD8 T cells in the intestine of celiac disease patients challenged with gluten, with a corresponding αEβ7 population in the peripheral blood, which were phenotypically similar to the “immunoregulatory” and highly activated cells we found [53], but which were not specifically associated with diarrhea in our cohort.