The damage to the urothelial stratum that can lead to its leakage and increased permeability is a crucial factor in bladder disease pathophysiology.33 In the present study, the multiple immune cell subtypes were activated by epithelial cells via chemokines CCL15-CCR1/3 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1. The gene discussed is CX3CR1; the disease is urinary bladder disorder.