Furthermore, Cal/ICG@MPs-induced CAF regulation was confirmed in organotypic tumor slices from liver cancer patients, as evidenced by the decreased expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen-I by immunofluorescence analysis and collagen fiber deposition by Masson’s trichrome staining after Cal/ICG@MPs treatment (Supplementary Fig. 16a, b). Here, FN1 is linked to liver cancer.