In addition, CAFs secrete large quantities of growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), to reduce T-cell response and recruit immunosuppressive cells to assist in tumor immune evasion16–18. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.