TGFB1 and neoplasm: To further verify the tumor ECM reduction capacity of Cal/ICG@MPs in vivo, stroma-rich H22 tumor-bearing mice were constructed to mimic the clinical solid tumors by subcutaneous co-injection of TGF-β-activated skin fibroblasts and H22 cells at a ratio of 1:2, as evidenced by high expression of α-SMA, fibronectin and collagen-I in tumor tissues (Supplementary Fig. 17a) with faster tumor formation (Supplementary Fig. 17b-d).