TNF and panic disorder: In particular, patients with panic disorder (PD) present an inflammatory response due to elevated levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL) 6, and IL‐1β (Alessi & Bennett, 2020; Petrowski et al., 2018; Quagliato & Nardi, 2018).