When looking in combination at these four identified risk factors, 8.7% (2/23) of women with prevalent anal HPV 16 had none of these risk factors; 30.4% (7/23) had only one risk factor (low nadir CD4 count for 6, and current smoking for one); and 56.5% (13/23) had two risk factors (low nadir CD4 and current smoking for 7; low nadir CD4 and prevalent cervical HPV 16 for 2; low nadir CD4 and recent anogenital herpes for 2; current smoking and recent anogenital herpes for 1; prevalent cervical HPV 16 and recent anogenital herpes for 1). Here, CD4 is linked to cervicitis.