As expected, the low-risk group had a higher IPS (immunophenoscore) of CTLA4 and PD-1, which reflected the percentages of the expression of certain immune genes on tumor-associated immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages and were biomarkers for good response to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, suggesting that the low-risk group might respond better to anti-PD-1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, and anti-PD-1 combined with anti-CTLA-4 therapy (Figures 8G–J). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.