INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Kim et al. (2016) found that Artemisia annua leaf extract administration in Sprague–Dawley rats with HFD-induced obesity, the major source of artemisinin, prevented the development of liver fibrosis and reduced lipid storage and inflammation in the liver. Guo Y et al. (2018) found that artemether improves glucose metabolism abnormalities in db/db mice by reducing pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and increasing insulin emission in mice.