CCL2 and edema: In a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model in which the anti-inflammatory activity of ginger extract was evaluated at different doses, the extract was shown to reduce the levels of the inflammatory mediators PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) by 32% to 60% in a dose-dependent manner (25-200 mg/kg).