The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage did not differ between the two groups (P > 0.05), but the mean volume of postpartum hemorrhage was significantly higher in the non-insulin group than in the insulin group (493.18 ± 295.45 mL vs. 432.93 ± 216.49 mL, P < 0.05; Table 9). Here, INS is linked to hemorrhage.