Elevated levels of pADPr have also been associated with the release of various chemokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2), eotaxin (CCL11), macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP-1α (CCL3) and MIP-1β (CCL4), all of which are known to promote cancer invasion [39]. Here, CCL4 is linked to cancer.