Thirdly, the study did not evaluate certain inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and therefore would aim to include them in further studies Further, prospective longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and multiple uNGAL measurements would allow us to match cohorts and highlight the predictive value of uNGAL as a biomarker; however, the current findings serve as a strong foundation for future studies investigating NGAL as a biomarker for PAD. Here, CRP is linked to peripheral arterial disease.