LCN2 and heart failure: Elevated circulatory NGAL levels independently predict all-cause mortality and MACE in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients following primary percutaneous coronary intervention24, correlate with atherosclerotic burden and predict predicts all-cause mortality in coronary artery patients23–26, and are an independent predictor of 3-month risk of death and 6-month risk of readmission in heart failure patients27,28.