Pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes which were IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-ɑ, IFN-γ and COX-2 and chemokines CXCL10/IP-10 and CCL3/MIP-α showed upregulation as reported in both human and animal leptospirosis [6,17,18,23,60–62]. Here, TNF is linked to leptospirosis.