DPP4 and diabetes mellitus: Use of this drug attenuated the effect of %HbA1c in the primary cohort and was a significant predictor or intermittent carriage in that population; however, it is likely its use would be less prevalent in the replication cohort since the use of any diabetes medication was considerably less prevalent in this study group and because the replication cohort was younger and less affected by diabetes and DPP4 inhibitors are often a second-line therapy after other diabetes treatment failures (77, 78).