INS and diabetes mellitus: Although use of any diabetes medication (e.g., metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, DPP4 inhibitors, or insulin) was associated with an increase in the odds of intermittent carriage, the only medication with a significant association was the use of DPP4 inhibitors; users of this drug had nearly two times (OR: 1.87; CI: 1.09–3.22) the odds of intermittent carriage compared to noncarriage.