In another study, Mei et al. showed that GDF11 treatment could improve diabetes-induced retinal apoptosis, capillary degeneration, and inflammation in mice, and the mechanism associated with TGF-β/Smad2, PI3k-Akt-FoxO1 activation, and NF-KB pathway inhibition [37]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.