This may be relevant to a role of central inflammatory processes in GBM/GSC aetiology, as gut-derived LPS and HMGB1, via microglia TLR activation, raise levels of superoxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which readily form peroxynitrite and thereby, acidic sphingomyelinase and ceramide. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is glioblastoma.