Because IKKα(p45) activation by TAK1 and BRAF takes place in the endosomal compartment, a third possibility for inhibiting IKKα in CRC cells would be the use of inhibitors of the endosomal vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase), such as chloroquine or bafilomycin A1. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.