For lack of better alternatives, PD-L1 expression is currently being used as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in malignant melanoma, NSCLC and RCC, but the usefulness of PD-L1 expression as a predictor of response to ICB remains a continuous matter of debate[42,52]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and renal cell carcinoma.