Bintrafusp alfa has shown superior efficacy in several murine models compared to anti-PD-L1 and anti-TGF-β administered both alone and in combination while also reversing TGF-β1-induced tumor cell plasticity[108], prompting multiple clinical trials in various malignancies including lung (NSCLC and SCLC), breast, cervical, and colorectal (CRC) cancers as monotherapy or in combination with radio- or chemotherapy (NCT02517398, NCT03554473, NCT03620201, NCT03524170, NCT03579472, NCT04246489, NCT03436563). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.