TGFB1 and cancer: Several pan-cancer gene expression analyses have shown that TGF-β1 is the primary isoform expressed in tumors, while TGF-β3 is less frequently observed and TGF-β2 is rarely detected and mainly serves to regulate normal cardiac function and hematopoiesis, which helps explain the failure of earlier pan-TGF-β targeting therapies due to toxicity-related adverse events[108,147,148].