PAWR and breast carcinoma: Compound 9 (NGD16) exhibited the highest tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of this series (IC50 = 1.3 μmol/L for A549 lung, 0.3 μmol/L for HeLa cervix, and 0.9 μmol/L for MCF-7 breast cancer cells), and induced apoptosis by upregulation of pro-apoptotic Par-4 (prostate apoptosis response 4) accompanied by suppression of Bcl-2 and GRP78 (glucose regulated protein 78 kDa).