It affects various gene loci of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby modulating ABCB1 expression and includes APC (see[216-219]), upstream modulators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (PTGS2)[216,219] or SFRP5[220], and/or target genes including the ABCB1 gene locus[216-219] in various malignancies, e.g, prostate adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, or leukemia cells. Here, ABCB1 is linked to leukemia.