PDCD1 and cancer: We focused on those gene sets which were associated with cancer growth, progression, and metastasis, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, mitotic phases, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), cancer immunotherapy by programmed death 1 (PD1) blockade, signaling pathway by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family signaling cascades, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), senescence, and autophagy in cancer pathways (Fig. 4).