LPA and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Furthermore, CAVD and CAD often co-exist [31, 74], are both slowly progressive conditions with precursor lesions that remain asymptomatic for some time and they share important risk factors, including increased age, male sex, cigarette smoking, hypertension, kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, elevated Lp(a) levels and shared genetic susceptibility loci [20, 27, 130, 138, 151].