CSF1R and melanoma: Interestingly, however, in a published dataset on genomic and transcriptomic changes from 28 melanoma patients treated with anti-PD1, immunotherapy resistance strongly correlated with INHBA expression (figure 6A).34 Innate resistance to immunotherapies by anti-PD1, anti-CTLA4, or anti-CSF1R antibodies is also seen in iBIP2 mouse melanoma.28 To test whether resistance involves endogenous Activin-A, we administered anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy to iBIP2-AIIB-Fc or iBIP2-Mock-Fc tumor-bearing mice.