Additionally, several studies have reported that expression of CCL4 is greater in brains of HIV-infected patients with dementia compared to HIV-infected patients without dementia, which indicates that CCL4 possibly regulates an inflammatory process that indirectly affects neurons (Minagar et al., 2002, Schmidtmayerova et al., 1996, Sui et al., 2005). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and dementia.