Since infiltrated cells in the TME have been previously reported to contribute to the lymphangiogenesis and promote LN metastasis (22, 23), we evaluated whether the abundant cells in the TME of PDAC, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), were required for EV-packaged-hnRNPA1–mediated lymphangiogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene HNRNPA1 and neoplasm.