TNNI3 and atrial fibrillation: These findings are consistent with the following previously-reported data [1, 9]: (a) cTnI elevation has been reported in both acute and chronic patients with CHF, which may be attributed to the vulnerability of myocardial cells, chronic subclinical ischemia, or left ventricular insufficiency [8]; (b) RI was reported to be the cause of cTnI elevation [3]; (c) overall, 12.5% of the patients who first developed AF showed elevated cTnI concentration [19], which was explained by the fact that the heart experienced ischemia, with consequent cardiomyocyte necrosis.