As the null hypothesis was derived from the carvedilol trial in DMD patients, we also assessed the primary endpoint in DMD patients alone: in 10 DMD patients in the PPS, serum BNP level was 202.1 ± 1.81 pg/mL at baseline and 188.2 ± 1.93 pg/mL at 6 months after treatment. Here, NPPB is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.