Of note, the expression of PINK1—a host gene that regulates mitochondrial homoeostasis and activates PI3-kinase/AKT signalling, contributing to intestinal inflammation in IBD and tumorigenesis32,91—is associated with the abundance of Collinsella in CRC, Peptostreptococcaceae in IBD and Blautia in IBS. Here, AKT1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.