For example, expression of Annexin A1 or ANXA1—a host gene known to regulate intestinal mucosal injury and repair, and found to be dysregulated in CRC and IBD93,94—is positively correlated with Bacteroidales in CRC, while negatively correlated with Peptostreptococcaceae in IBD (Fig. 4b, Network 4). Here, ANXA1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.