For example, we found that in CRC, Streptococcus is correlated with the expression of host genes that regulate WNT signalling and the NF-κB pathway, whereas in IBS Streptococcus is correlated with host genes that modulate macrophage inflammatory response, thus suggesting that this gut microbe may perturb distinct host pathways in CRC and IBS. Here, NFKB1 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.